flashrom.c

/*
 * This file is part of the flashrom project.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2000 Silicon Integrated System Corporation
 * Copyright (C) 2004 Tyan Corp <yhlu@tyan.com>
 * Copyright (C) 2005-2008 coresystems GmbH
 * Copyright (C) 2008,2009 Carl-Daniel Hailfinger
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#if HAVE_UTSNAME == 1
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#endif
#include "flash.h"
#include "flashchips.h"

const char * const flashrom_version = FLASHROM_VERSION;
char *chip_to_probe = NULL;
int verbose = 0;

#if CONFIG_INTERNAL == 1
enum programmer programmer = PROGRAMMER_INTERNAL;
#elif CONFIG_DUMMY == 1
enum programmer programmer = PROGRAMMER_DUMMY;
#else
/* If neither internal nor dummy are selected, we must pick a sensible default.
 * Since there is no reason to prefer a particular external programmer, we fail
 * if more than one of them is selected. If only one is selected, it is clear
 * that the user wants that one to become the default.
 */
#if CONFIG_NIC3COM+CONFIG_NICREALTEK+CONFIG_NICNATSEMI+CONFIG_GFXNVIDIA+CONFIG_DRKAISER+CONFIG_SATASII+CONFIG_ATAHPT+CONFIG_FT2232_SPI+CONFIG_SERPROG+CONFIG_BUSPIRATE_SPI+CONFIG_DEDIPROG+CONFIG_RAYER_SPI > 1
#error Please enable either CONFIG_DUMMY or CONFIG_INTERNAL or disable support for all programmers except one.
#endif
enum programmer programmer =
#if CONFIG_NIC3COM == 1
	PROGRAMMER_NIC3COM
#endif
#if CONFIG_NICREALTEK == 1
	PROGRAMMER_NICREALTEK
	PROGRAMMER_NICREALTEK2
#endif
#if CONFIG_NICNATSEMI == 1
	PROGRAMMER_NICNATSEMI
#endif
#if CONFIG_GFXNVIDIA == 1
	PROGRAMMER_GFXNVIDIA
#endif
#if CONFIG_DRKAISER == 1
	PROGRAMMER_DRKAISER
#endif
#if CONFIG_SATASII == 1
	PROGRAMMER_SATASII
#endif
#if CONFIG_ATAHPT == 1
	PROGRAMMER_ATAHPT
#endif
#if CONFIG_FT2232_SPI == 1
	PROGRAMMER_FT2232_SPI
#endif
#if CONFIG_SERPROG == 1
	PROGRAMMER_SERPROG
#endif
#if CONFIG_BUSPIRATE_SPI == 1
	PROGRAMMER_BUSPIRATE_SPI
#endif
#if CONFIG_DEDIPROG == 1
	PROGRAMMER_DEDIPROG
#endif
#if CONFIG_RAYER_SPI == 1
	PROGRAMMER_RAYER_SPI
#endif
;
#endif

static char *programmer_param = NULL;

/* Supported buses for the current programmer. */
enum chipbustype buses_supported;

/**
 * Programmers supporting multiple buses can have differing size limits on
 * each bus. Store the limits for each bus in a common struct.
 */
struct decode_sizes max_rom_decode;

/* If nonzero, used as the start address of bottom-aligned flash. */
unsigned long flashbase;

/* Is writing allowed with this programmer? */
int programmer_may_write;

const struct programmer_entry programmer_table[] = {
#if CONFIG_INTERNAL == 1
	{
		.name			= "internal",
		.init			= internal_init,
		.shutdown		= internal_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= physmap,
		.unmap_flash_region	= physunmap,
		.chip_readb		= internal_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= internal_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= internal_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= internal_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= internal_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= internal_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= internal_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_DUMMY == 1
	{
		.name			= "dummy",
		.init			= dummy_init,
		.shutdown		= dummy_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= dummy_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= dummy_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= dummy_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= dummy_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= dummy_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= dummy_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= dummy_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= dummy_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= dummy_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= dummy_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_NIC3COM == 1
	{
		.name			= "nic3com",
		.init			= nic3com_init,
		.shutdown		= nic3com_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= nic3com_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= nic3com_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_NICREALTEK == 1
	{
		.name                   = "nicrealtek",
		.init                   = nicrealtek_init,
		.shutdown               = nicrealtek_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region       = fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region     = fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb             = nicrealtek_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw             = fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl             = fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn             = fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb            = nicrealtek_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew            = fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel            = fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen            = fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay                  = internal_delay,
	},
	{
		.name                   = "nicsmc1211",
		.init                   = nicsmc1211_init,
		.shutdown               = nicrealtek_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region       = fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region     = fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb             = nicrealtek_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw             = fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl             = fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn             = fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb            = nicrealtek_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew            = fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel            = fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen            = fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay                  = internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_NICNATSEMI == 1
	{
		.name                   = "nicnatsemi",
		.init                   = nicnatsemi_init,
		.shutdown               = nicnatsemi_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region       = fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region     = fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb             = nicnatsemi_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw             = fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl             = fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn             = fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb            = nicnatsemi_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew            = fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel            = fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen            = fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay                  = internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_GFXNVIDIA == 1
	{
		.name			= "gfxnvidia",
		.init			= gfxnvidia_init,
		.shutdown		= gfxnvidia_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= gfxnvidia_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= gfxnvidia_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_DRKAISER == 1
	{
		.name			= "drkaiser",
		.init			= drkaiser_init,
		.shutdown		= drkaiser_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= drkaiser_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= drkaiser_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_SATASII == 1
	{
		.name			= "satasii",
		.init			= satasii_init,
		.shutdown		= satasii_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= satasii_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= satasii_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_ATAHPT == 1
	{
		.name			= "atahpt",
		.init			= atahpt_init,
		.shutdown		= atahpt_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= atahpt_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= atahpt_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_INTERNAL == 1
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
	{
		.name			= "it87spi",
		.init			= it87spi_init,
		.shutdown		= noop_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= noop_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= noop_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif
#endif

#if CONFIG_FT2232_SPI == 1
	{
		.name			= "ft2232_spi",
		.init			= ft2232_spi_init,
		.shutdown		= noop_shutdown, /* Missing shutdown */
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= noop_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= noop_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_SERPROG == 1
	{
		.name			= "serprog",
		.init			= serprog_init,
		.shutdown		= serprog_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= serprog_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= serprog_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= serprog_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= serprog_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_BUSPIRATE_SPI == 1
	{
		.name			= "buspirate_spi",
		.init			= buspirate_spi_init,
		.shutdown		= buspirate_spi_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= noop_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= noop_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_DEDIPROG == 1
	{
		.name			= "dediprog",
		.init			= dediprog_init,
		.shutdown		= dediprog_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= noop_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= noop_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

#if CONFIG_RAYER_SPI == 1
	{
		.name			= "rayer_spi",
		.init			= rayer_spi_init,
		.shutdown		= noop_shutdown,
		.map_flash_region	= fallback_map,
		.unmap_flash_region	= fallback_unmap,
		.chip_readb		= noop_chip_readb,
		.chip_readw		= fallback_chip_readw,
		.chip_readl		= fallback_chip_readl,
		.chip_readn		= fallback_chip_readn,
		.chip_writeb		= noop_chip_writeb,
		.chip_writew		= fallback_chip_writew,
		.chip_writel		= fallback_chip_writel,
		.chip_writen		= fallback_chip_writen,
		.delay			= internal_delay,
	},
#endif

	{}, /* This entry corresponds to PROGRAMMER_INVALID. */
};

#define SHUTDOWN_MAXFN 4
static int shutdown_fn_count = 0;
struct shutdown_func_data {
	void (*func) (void *data);
	void *data;
} static shutdown_fn[SHUTDOWN_MAXFN];
/* Initialize to 0 to make sure nobody registers a shutdown function before
 * programmer init.
 */
static int may_register_shutdown = 0;

/* Register a function to be executed on programmer shutdown.
 * The advantage over atexit() is that you can supply a void pointer which will
 * be used as parameter to the registered function upon programmer shutdown.
 * This pointer can point to arbitrary data used by said function, e.g. undo
 * information for GPIO settings etc. If unneeded, set data=NULL.
 * Please note that the first (void *data) belongs to the function signature of
 * the function passed as first parameter.
 */
int register_shutdown(void (*function) (void *data), void *data)
{
	if (shutdown_fn_count >= SHUTDOWN_MAXFN) {
		msg_perr("Tried to register more than %i shutdown functions.\n",
			 SHUTDOWN_MAXFN);
		return 1;
	}
	if (!may_register_shutdown) {
		msg_perr("Tried to register a shutdown function before "
			 "programmer init.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	shutdown_fn[shutdown_fn_count].func = function;
	shutdown_fn[shutdown_fn_count].data = data;
	shutdown_fn_count++;

	return 0;
}

int programmer_init(char *param)
{
	int ret;
	/* Initialize all programmer specific data. */
	/* Default to unlimited decode sizes. */
	max_rom_decode = (const struct decode_sizes) {
		.parallel	= 0xffffffff,
		.lpc		= 0xffffffff,
		.fwh		= 0xffffffff,
		.spi		= 0xffffffff
	};
	/* Default to Parallel/LPC/FWH flash devices. If a known host controller
	 * is found, the init routine sets the buses_supported bitfield.
	 */
	buses_supported = CHIP_BUSTYPE_NONSPI;
	/* Default to top aligned flash at 4 GB. */
	flashbase = 0;
	/* Registering shutdown functions is now allowed. */
	may_register_shutdown = 1;
	/* Default to allowing writes. Broken programmers set this to 0. */
	programmer_may_write = 1;

	programmer_param = param;
	msg_pdbg("Initializing %s programmer\n",
		 programmer_table[programmer].name);
	ret = programmer_table[programmer].init();
	if (programmer_param && strlen(programmer_param)) {
		msg_perr("Unhandled programmer parameters: %s\n",
			 programmer_param);
		/* Do not error out here, the init itself was successful. */
	}
	return ret;
}

int programmer_shutdown(void)
{
	/* Registering shutdown functions is no longer allowed. */
	may_register_shutdown = 0;
	while (shutdown_fn_count > 0) {
		int i = --shutdown_fn_count;
		shutdown_fn[i].func(shutdown_fn[i].data);
	}
	return programmer_table[programmer].shutdown();
}

void *programmer_map_flash_region(const char *descr, unsigned long phys_addr,
				  size_t len)
{
	return programmer_table[programmer].map_flash_region(descr,
							     phys_addr, len);
}

void programmer_unmap_flash_region(void *virt_addr, size_t len)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].unmap_flash_region(virt_addr, len);
}

void chip_writeb(uint8_t val, chipaddr addr)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].chip_writeb(val, addr);
}

void chip_writew(uint16_t val, chipaddr addr)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].chip_writew(val, addr);
}

void chip_writel(uint32_t val, chipaddr addr)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].chip_writel(val, addr);
}

void chip_writen(uint8_t *buf, chipaddr addr, size_t len)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].chip_writen(buf, addr, len);
}

uint8_t chip_readb(const chipaddr addr)
{
	return programmer_table[programmer].chip_readb(addr);
}

uint16_t chip_readw(const chipaddr addr)
{
	return programmer_table[programmer].chip_readw(addr);
}

uint32_t chip_readl(const chipaddr addr)
{
	return programmer_table[programmer].chip_readl(addr);
}

void chip_readn(uint8_t *buf, chipaddr addr, size_t len)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].chip_readn(buf, addr, len);
}

void programmer_delay(int usecs)
{
	programmer_table[programmer].delay(usecs);
}

void map_flash_registers(struct flashchip *flash)
{
	size_t size = flash->total_size * 1024;
	/* Flash registers live 4 MByte below the flash. */
	/* FIXME: This is incorrect for nonstandard flashbase. */
	flash->virtual_registers = (chipaddr)programmer_map_flash_region("flash chip registers", (0xFFFFFFFF - 0x400000 - size + 1), size);
}

int read_memmapped(struct flashchip *flash, uint8_t *buf, int start, int len)
{
	chip_readn(buf, flash->virtual_memory + start, len);
		
	return 0;
}

int min(int a, int b)
{
	return (a < b) ? a : b;
}

int max(int a, int b)
{
	return (a > b) ? a : b;
}

int bitcount(unsigned long a)
{
	int i = 0;
	for (; a != 0; a >>= 1)
		if (a & 1)
			i++;
	return i;
}

char *strcat_realloc(char *dest, const char *src)
{
	dest = realloc(dest, strlen(dest) + strlen(src) + 1);
	if (!dest) {
		msg_gerr("Out of memory!\n");
		return NULL;
	}
	strcat(dest, src);
	return dest;
}

/* This is a somewhat hacked function similar in some ways to strtok().
 * It will look for needle with a subsequent '=' in haystack, return a copy of
 * needle and remove everything from the first occurrence of needle to the next
 * delimiter from haystack.
 */
char *extract_param(char **haystack, char *needle, char *delim)
{
	char *param_pos, *opt_pos, *rest;
	char *opt = NULL;
	int optlen;
	int needlelen;

	needlelen = strlen(needle);
	if (!needlelen) {
		msg_gerr("%s: empty needle! Please report a bug at "
			 "flashrom@flashrom.org\n", __func__);
		return NULL;
	}
	/* No programmer parameters given. */
	if (*haystack == NULL)
		return NULL;
	param_pos = strstr(*haystack, needle);
	do {
		if (!param_pos)
			return NULL;
		/* Needle followed by '='? */
		if (param_pos[needlelen] == '=') {
			
			/* Beginning of the string? */
			if (param_pos == *haystack)
				break;
			/* After a delimiter? */
			if (strchr(delim, *(param_pos - 1)))
				break;
		}
		/* Continue searching. */
		param_pos++;
		param_pos = strstr(param_pos, needle);
	} while (1);
	
	if (param_pos) {
		/* Get the string after needle and '='. */
		opt_pos = param_pos + needlelen + 1;
		optlen = strcspn(opt_pos, delim);
		/* Return an empty string if the parameter was empty. */
		opt = malloc(optlen + 1);
		if (!opt) {
			msg_gerr("Out of memory!\n");
			exit(1);
		}
		strncpy(opt, opt_pos, optlen);
		opt[optlen] = '\0';
		rest = opt_pos + optlen;
		/* Skip all delimiters after the current parameter. */
		rest += strspn(rest, delim);
		memmove(param_pos, rest, strlen(rest) + 1);
		/* We could shrink haystack, but the effort is not worth it. */
	}

	return opt;
}

char *extract_programmer_param(char *param_name)
{
	return extract_param(&programmer_param, param_name, ",");
}

/* start is an offset to the base address of the flash chip */
int check_erased_range(struct flashchip *flash, int start, int len)
{
	int ret;
	uint8_t *cmpbuf = malloc(len);

	if (!cmpbuf) {
		msg_gerr("Could not allocate memory!\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	memset(cmpbuf, 0xff, len);
	ret = verify_range(flash, cmpbuf, start, len, "ERASE");
	free(cmpbuf);
	return ret;
}

/**
 * @cmpbuf	buffer to compare against, cmpbuf[0] is expected to match the
		flash content at location start
 * @start	offset to the base address of the flash chip
 * @len		length of the verified area
 * @message	string to print in the "FAILED" message
 * @return	0 for success, -1 for failure
 */
int verify_range(struct flashchip *flash, uint8_t *cmpbuf, int start, int len, char *message)
{
	int i, j, starthere, lenhere, ret = 0;
	int page_size = flash->page_size;
	uint8_t *readbuf = malloc(page_size);
	int failcount = 0;

	if (!len)
		goto out_free;

	if (!flash->read) {
		msg_cerr("ERROR: flashrom has no read function for this flash chip.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	if (!readbuf) {
		msg_gerr("Could not allocate memory!\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	if (start + len > flash->total_size * 1024) {
		msg_gerr("Error: %s called with start 0x%x + len 0x%x >"
			" total_size 0x%x\n", __func__, start, len,
			flash->total_size * 1024);
		ret = -1;
		goto out_free;
	}
	if (!message)
		message = "VERIFY";
	
	/* Warning: This loop has a very unusual condition and body.
	 * The loop needs to go through each page with at least one affected
	 * byte. The lowest page number is (start / page_size) since that
	 * division rounds down. The highest page number we want is the page
	 * where the last byte of the range lives. That last byte has the
	 * address (start + len - 1), thus the highest page number is
	 * (start + len - 1) / page_size. Since we want to include that last
	 * page as well, the loop condition uses <=.
	 */
	for (i = start / page_size; i <= (start + len - 1) / page_size; i++) {
		/* Byte position of the first byte in the range in this page. */
		starthere = max(start, i * page_size);
		/* Length of bytes in the range in this page. */
		lenhere = min(start + len, (i + 1) * page_size) - starthere;
		ret = flash->read(flash, readbuf, starthere, lenhere);
		if (ret) {
			msg_gerr("Verification impossible because read failed "
				 "at 0x%x (len 0x%x)\n", starthere, lenhere);
			break;
		}
		for (j = 0; j < lenhere; j++) {
			if (cmpbuf[starthere - start + j] != readbuf[j]) {
				/* Only print the first failure. */
				if (!failcount++)
					msg_cerr("%s FAILED at 0x%08x! "
						"Expected=0x%02x, Read=0x%02x,",
						message, starthere + j,
						cmpbuf[starthere - start + j],
						readbuf[j]);
			}
		}
	}
	if (failcount) {
		msg_cerr(" failed byte count from 0x%08x-0x%08x: 0x%x\n",
			start, start + len - 1, failcount);
		ret = -1;
	}

out_free:
	free(readbuf);
	return ret;
}

/**
 * Check if the buffer @have can be programmed to the content of @want without
 * erasing. This is only possible if all chunks of size @gran are either kept
 * as-is or changed from an all-ones state to any other state.
 * The following write granularities (enum @gran) are known:
 * - 1 bit. Each bit can be cleared individually.
 * - 1 byte. A byte can be written once. Further writes to an already written
 *   byte cause the contents to be either undefined or to stay unchanged.
 * - 128 bytes. If less than 128 bytes are written, the rest will be
 *   erased. Each write to a 128-byte region will trigger an automatic erase
 *   before anything is written. Very uncommon behaviour and unsupported by
 *   this function.
 * - 256 bytes. If less than 256 bytes are written, the contents of the
 *   unwritten bytes are undefined.
 *
 * @have        buffer with current content
 * @want        buffer with desired content
 * @len         length of the verified area
 * @gran	write granularity (enum, not count)
 * @return      0 if no erase is needed, 1 otherwise
 */
int need_erase(uint8_t *have, uint8_t *want, int len, enum write_granularity gran)
{
	int result = 0;
	int i, j, limit;

	switch (gran) {
	case write_gran_1bit:
		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
			if ((have[i] & want[i]) != want[i]) {
				result = 1;
				break;
			}
		break;
	case write_gran_1byte:
		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
			if ((have[i] != want[i]) && (have[i] != 0xff)) {
				result = 1;
				break;
			}
		break;
	case write_gran_256bytes:
		for (j = 0; j < len / 256; j++) {
			limit = min (256, len - j * 256);
			/* Are 'have' and 'want' identical? */
			if (!memcmp(have + j * 256, want + j * 256, limit))
				continue;
			/* have needs to be in erased state. */
			for (i = 0; i < limit; i++)
				if (have[i] != 0xff) {
					result = 1;
					break;
				}
			if (result)
				break;
		}
		break;
	}
	return result;
}

/* This function generates various test patterns useful for testing controller
 * and chip communication as well as chip behaviour.
 *
 * If a byte can be written multiple times, each time keeping 0-bits at 0
 * and changing 1-bits to 0 if the new value for that bit is 0, the effect
 * is essentially an AND operation. That's also the reason why this function
 * provides the result of AND between various patterns.
 *
 * Below is a list of patterns (and their block length).
 * Pattern 0 is 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 a5 b5 c5 d5 e5 f5 (16 Bytes)
 * Pattern 1 is 0a 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a 9a aa ba ca da ea fa (16 Bytes)
 * Pattern 2 is 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f (16 Bytes)
 * Pattern 3 is a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af (16 Bytes)
 * Pattern 4 is 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 a0 b0 c0 d0 e0 f0 (16 Bytes)
 * Pattern 5 is 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f (16 Bytes)
 * Pattern 6 is 00 (1 Byte)
 * Pattern 7 is ff (1 Byte)
 * Patterns 0-7 have a big-endian block number in the last 2 bytes of each 256
 * byte block.
 *
 * Pattern 8 is 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11... (256 B)
 * Pattern 9 is ff fe fd fc fb fa f9 f8 f7 f6 f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 f0 ef ee... (256 B)
 * Pattern 10 is 00 00 00 01 00 02 00 03 00 04... (128 kB big-endian counter)
 * Pattern 11 is ff ff ff fe ff fd ff fc ff fb... (128 kB big-endian downwards)
 * Pattern 12 is 00 (1 Byte)
 * Pattern 13 is ff (1 Byte)
 * Patterns 8-13 have no block number.
 *
 * Patterns 0-3 are created to detect and efficiently diagnose communication
 * slips like missed bits or bytes and their repetitive nature gives good visual
 * cues to the person inspecting the results. In addition, the following holds:
 * AND Pattern 0/1 == Pattern 4
 * AND Pattern 2/3 == Pattern 5
 * AND Pattern 0/1/2/3 == AND Pattern 4/5 == Pattern 6
 * A weakness of pattern 0-5 is the inability to detect swaps/copies between
 * any two 16-byte blocks except for the last 16-byte block in a 256-byte bloc.
 * They work perfectly for detecting any swaps/aliasing of blocks >= 256 bytes.
 * 0x5 and 0xa were picked because they are 0101 and 1010 binary.
 * Patterns 8-9 are best for detecting swaps/aliasing of blocks < 256 bytes.
 * Besides that, they provide for bit testing of the last two bytes of every
 * 256 byte block which contains the block number for patterns 0-6.
 * Patterns 10-11 are special purpose for detecting subblock aliasing with
 * block sizes >256 bytes (some Dataflash chips etc.)
 * AND Pattern 8/9 == Pattern 12
 * AND Pattern 10/11 == Pattern 12
 * Pattern 13 is the completely erased state.
 * None of the patterns can detect aliasing at boundaries which are a multiple
 * of 16 MBytes (but such chips do not exist anyway for Parallel/LPC/FWH/SPI).
 */
int generate_testpattern(uint8_t *buf, uint32_t size, int variant)
{
	int i;

	if (!buf) {
		msg_gerr("Invalid buffer!\n");
		return 1;
	}

	switch (variant) {
	case 0:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = (i & 0xf) << 4 | 0x5;
		break;
	case 1:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = (i & 0xf) << 4 | 0xa;
		break;
	case 2:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = 0x50 | (i & 0xf);
		break;
	case 3:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = 0xa0 | (i & 0xf);
		break;
	case 4:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = (i & 0xf) << 4;
		break;
	case 5:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = i & 0xf;
		break;
	case 6:
		memset(buf, 0x00, size);
		break;
	case 7:
		memset(buf, 0xff, size);
		break;
	case 8:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = i & 0xff;
		break;
	case 9:
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			buf[i] = ~(i & 0xff);
		break;
	case 10:
		for (i = 0; i < size % 2; i++) {
			buf[i * 2] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
			buf[i * 2 + 1] = i & 0xff;
		}
		if (size & 0x1)
			buf[i * 2] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
		break;
	case 11:
		for (i = 0; i < size % 2; i++) {
			buf[i * 2] = ~((i >> 8) & 0xff);
			buf[i * 2 + 1] = ~(i & 0xff);
		}
		if (size & 0x1)
			buf[i * 2] = ~((i >> 8) & 0xff);
		break;
	case 12:
		memset(buf, 0x00, size);
		break;
	case 13:
		memset(buf, 0xff, size);
		break;
	}

	if ((variant >= 0) && (variant <= 7)) {
		/* Write block number in the last two bytes of each 256-byte
		 * block, big endian for easier reading of the hexdump.
		 * Note that this wraps around for chips larger than 2^24 bytes
		 * (16 MB).
		 */
		for (i = 0; i < size / 256; i++) {
			buf[i * 256 + 254] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
			buf[i * 256 + 255] = i & 0xff;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

int check_max_decode(enum chipbustype buses, uint32_t size)
{
	int limitexceeded = 0;
	if ((buses & CHIP_BUSTYPE_PARALLEL) &&
	    (max_rom_decode.parallel < size)) {
		limitexceeded++;
		msg_pdbg("Chip size %u kB is bigger than supported "
			     "size %u kB of chipset/board/programmer "
			     "for %s interface, "
			     "probe/read/erase/write may fail. ", size / 1024,
			     max_rom_decode.parallel / 1024, "Parallel");
	}
	if ((buses & CHIP_BUSTYPE_LPC) && (max_rom_decode.lpc < size)) {
		limitexceeded++;
		msg_pdbg("Chip size %u kB is bigger than supported "
			     "size %u kB of chipset/board/programmer "
			     "for %s interface, "
			     "probe/read/erase/write may fail. ", size / 1024,
			     max_rom_decode.lpc / 1024, "LPC");
	}
	if ((buses & CHIP_BUSTYPE_FWH) && (max_rom_decode.fwh < size)) {
		limitexceeded++;
		msg_pdbg("Chip size %u kB is bigger than supported "
			     "size %u kB of chipset/board/programmer "
			     "for %s interface, "
			     "probe/read/erase/write may fail. ", size / 1024,
			     max_rom_decode.fwh / 1024, "FWH");
	}
	if ((buses & CHIP_BUSTYPE_SPI) && (max_rom_decode.spi < size)) {
		limitexceeded++;
		msg_pdbg("Chip size %u kB is bigger than supported "
			     "size %u kB of chipset/board/programmer "
			     "for %s interface, "
			     "probe/read/erase/write may fail. ", size / 1024,
			     max_rom_decode.spi / 1024, "SPI");
	}
	if (!limitexceeded)
		return 0;
	/* Sometimes chip and programmer have more than one bus in common,
	 * and the limit is not exceeded on all buses. Tell the user.
	 */
	if (bitcount(buses) > limitexceeded)
		/* FIXME: This message is designed towards CLI users. */
		msg_pdbg("There is at least one common chip/programmer "
			     "interface which can support a chip of this size. "
			     "You can try --force at your own risk.\n");
	return 1;
}

struct flashchip *probe_flash(struct flashchip *first_flash, int force)
{
	struct flashchip *flash;
	unsigned long base = 0;
	uint32_t size;
	enum chipbustype buses_common;
	char *tmp;

	for (flash = first_flash; flash && flash->name; flash++) {
		if (chip_to_probe && strcmp(flash->name, chip_to_probe) != 0)
			continue;
		msg_gdbg("Probing for %s %s, %d KB: ",
			     flash->vendor, flash->name, flash->total_size);
		if (!flash->probe && !force) {
			msg_gdbg("failed! flashrom has no probe function for "
				 "this flash chip.\n");
			continue;
		}
		buses_common = buses_supported & flash->bustype;
		if (!buses_common) {
			tmp = flashbuses_to_text(buses_supported);
			msg_gdbg("skipped.");
			msg_gspew(" Host bus type %s ", tmp);
			free(tmp);
			tmp = flashbuses_to_text(flash->bustype);
			msg_gspew("and chip bus type %s are incompatible.",
				  tmp);
			free(tmp);
			msg_gdbg("\n");
			continue;
		}

		size = flash->total_size * 1024;
		check_max_decode(buses_common, size);

		base = flashbase ? flashbase : (0xffffffff - size + 1);
		flash->virtual_memory = (chipaddr)programmer_map_flash_region("flash chip", base, size);

		if (force)
			break;

		if (flash->probe(flash) != 1)
			goto notfound;

		if (first_flash == flashchips
		    || flash->model_id != GENERIC_DEVICE_ID)
			break;

notfound:
		programmer_unmap_flash_region((void *)flash->virtual_memory, size);
	}

	if (!flash || !flash->name)
		return NULL;

	msg_cinfo("%s chip \"%s %s\" (%d KB, %s) at physical address 0x%lx.\n",
	       force ? "Assuming" : "Found",
	       flash->vendor, flash->name, flash->total_size,
	       flashbuses_to_text(flash->bustype), base);

	if (flash->printlock)
		flash->printlock(flash);

	return flash;
}

int verify_flash(struct flashchip *flash, uint8_t *buf)
{
	int ret;
	int total_size = flash->total_size * 1024;

	msg_cinfo("Verifying flash... ");

	ret = verify_range(flash, buf, 0, total_size, NULL);

	if (!ret)
		msg_cinfo("VERIFIED.          \n");

	return ret;
}

int write_buf_to_file(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long size, char *filename)
{
	unsigned long numbytes;
	FILE *image;

	if (!filename) {
		msg_gerr("No filename specified.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	if ((image = fopen(filename, "wb")) == NULL) {
		perror(filename);
		return 1;
	}

	numbytes = fwrite(buf, 1, size, image);
	fclose(image);
	if (numbytes != size) {
		msg_gerr("File %s could not be written completely.\n",
			 filename);
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

int read_flash_to_file(struct flashchip *flash, char *filename)
{
	unsigned long size = flash->total_size * 1024;
	unsigned char *buf = calloc(size, sizeof(char));
	int ret = 0;

	msg_cinfo("Reading flash... ");
	if (!buf) {
		msg_gerr("Memory allocation failed!\n");
		msg_cinfo("FAILED.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	if (!flash->read) {
		msg_cerr("No read function available for this flash chip.\n");
		ret = 1;
		goto out_free;
	}
	if (flash->read(flash, buf, 0, size)) {
		msg_cerr("Read operation failed!\n");
		ret = 1;
		goto out_free;
	}

	ret = write_buf_to_file(buf, flash->total_size * 1024, filename);
out_free:
	free(buf);
	msg_cinfo("%s.\n", ret ? "FAILED" : "done");
	return ret;
}

/* This function shares a lot of its structure with erase_flash().
 * Even if an error is found, the function will keep going and check the rest.
 */
static int selfcheck_eraseblocks(struct flashchip *flash)
{
	int i, j, k;
	int ret = 0;

	for (k = 0; k < NUM_ERASEFUNCTIONS; k++) {
		unsigned int done = 0;
		struct block_eraser eraser = flash->block_erasers[k];

		for (i = 0; i < NUM_ERASEREGIONS; i++) {
			/* Blocks with zero size are bugs in flashchips.c. */
			if (eraser.eraseblocks[i].count &&
			    !eraser.eraseblocks[i].size) {
				msg_gerr("ERROR: Flash chip %s erase function "
					"%i region %i has size 0. Please report"
					" a bug at flashrom@flashrom.org\n",
					flash->name, k, i);
				ret = 1;
			}
			/* Blocks with zero count are bugs in flashchips.c. */
			if (!eraser.eraseblocks[i].count &&
			    eraser.eraseblocks[i].size) {
				msg_gerr("ERROR: Flash chip %s erase function "
					"%i region %i has count 0. Please report"
					" a bug at flashrom@flashrom.org\n",
					flash->name, k, i);
				ret = 1;
			}
			done += eraser.eraseblocks[i].count *
				eraser.eraseblocks[i].size;
		}
		/* Empty eraseblock definition with erase function.  */
		if (!done && eraser.block_erase)
			msg_gspew("Strange: Empty eraseblock definition with "
				"non-empty erase function. Not an error.\n");
		if (!done)
			continue;
		if (done != flash->total_size * 1024) {
			msg_gerr("ERROR: Flash chip %s erase function %i "
				"region walking resulted in 0x%06x bytes total,"
				" expected 0x%06x bytes. Please report a bug at"
				" flashrom@flashrom.org\n", flash->name, k,
				done, flash->total_size * 1024);
			ret = 1;
		}
		if (!eraser.block_erase)
			continue;
		/* Check if there are identical erase functions for different
		 * layouts. That would imply "magic" erase functions. The
		 * easiest way to check this is with function pointers.
		 */
		for (j = k + 1; j < NUM_ERASEFUNCTIONS; j++) {
			if (eraser.block_erase ==
			    flash->block_erasers[j].block_erase) {
				msg_gerr("ERROR: Flash chip %s erase function "
					"%i and %i are identical. Please report"
					" a bug at flashrom@flashrom.org\n",
					flash->name, k, j);
				ret = 1;
			}
		}
	}
	return ret;
}

static int walk_eraseregions(struct flashchip *flash, int erasefunction,
			     int (*do_something) (struct flashchip *flash,
						  unsigned int addr,
						  unsigned int len))
{
	int i, j;
	unsigned int start = 0;
	unsigned int len;
	struct block_eraser eraser = flash->block_erasers[erasefunction];
	for (i = 0; i < NUM_ERASEREGIONS; i++) {
		/* count==0 for all automatically initialized array
		 * members so the loop below won't be executed for them.
		 */
		len = eraser.eraseblocks[i].size;
		for (j = 0; j < eraser.eraseblocks[i].count; j++) {
			msg_cdbg("0x%06x-0x%06x, ", start,
				     start + len - 1);
			if (do_something(flash, start, len))
				return 1;
			start += len;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

int erase_flash(struct flashchip *flash)
{
	int k, ret = 0, found = 0;

	msg_cinfo("Erasing flash chip... ");
	for (k = 0; k < NUM_ERASEFUNCTIONS; k++) {
		struct block_eraser eraser = flash->block_erasers[k];

		msg_cdbg("Looking at blockwise erase function %i... ", k);
		if (!eraser.block_erase && !eraser.eraseblocks[0].count) {
			msg_cdbg("not defined. "
				"Looking for another erase function.\n");
			continue;
		}
		if (!eraser.block_erase && eraser.eraseblocks[0].count) {
			msg_cdbg("eraseblock layout is known, but no "
				"matching block erase function found. "
				"Looking for another erase function.\n");
			continue;
		}
		if (eraser.block_erase && !eraser.eraseblocks[0].count) {
			msg_cdbg("block erase function found, but "
				"eraseblock layout is unknown. "
				"Looking for another erase function.\n");
			continue;
		}
		found = 1;
		msg_cdbg("trying... ");
		ret = walk_eraseregions(flash, k, eraser.block_erase);
		msg_cdbg("\n");
		/* If everything is OK, don't try another erase function. */
		if (!ret)
			break;
	}
	if (!found) {
		msg_cerr("ERROR: flashrom has no erase function for this flash chip.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (ret) {
		msg_cerr("FAILED!\n");
	} else {
		msg_cinfo("SUCCESS.\n");
	}
	return ret;
}

void emergency_help_message(void)
{
	msg_gerr("Your flash chip is in an unknown state.\n"
		"Get help on IRC at irc.freenode.net (channel #flashrom) or\n"
		"mail flashrom@flashrom.org!\n"
		"-------------------------------------------------------------"
		  "------------------\n"
		"DO NOT REBOOT OR POWEROFF!\n");
}

/* The way to go if you want a delimited list of programmers*/
void list_programmers(char *delim)
{
	enum programmer p;
	for (p = 0; p < PROGRAMMER_INVALID; p++) {
		msg_ginfo("%s", programmer_table[p].name);
		if (p < PROGRAMMER_INVALID - 1)
			msg_ginfo("%s", delim);
	}
	msg_ginfo("\n");	
}

void print_sysinfo(void)
{
#if HAVE_UTSNAME == 1
	struct utsname osinfo;
	uname(&osinfo);

	msg_ginfo(" on %s %s (%s)", osinfo.sysname, osinfo.release,
		  osinfo.machine);
#else
	msg_ginfo(" on unknown machine");
#endif
	msg_ginfo(", built with");
#if NEED_PCI == 1
#ifdef PCILIB_VERSION
	msg_ginfo(" libpci %s,", PCILIB_VERSION);
#else
	msg_ginfo(" unknown PCI library,");
#endif
#endif
#ifdef __clang__
	msg_ginfo(" LLVM Clang");
#ifdef __clang_version__
	msg_ginfo(" %s,", __clang_version__);
#else
	msg_ginfo(" unknown version (before r102686),");
#endif
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
	msg_ginfo(" GCC");
#ifdef __VERSION__
	msg_ginfo(" %s,", __VERSION__);
#else
	msg_ginfo(" unknown version,");
#endif
#else
	msg_ginfo(" unknown compiler,");
#endif
#if defined (__FLASHROM_LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
	msg_ginfo(" little endian");
#else
	msg_ginfo(" big endian");
#endif
	msg_ginfo("\n");
}

void print_version(void)
{
	msg_ginfo("flashrom v%s", flashrom_version);
	print_sysinfo();
}

void print_banner(void)
{
	msg_ginfo("flashrom is free software, get the source code at "
		    "http://www.flashrom.org\n");
	msg_ginfo("\n");
}

int selfcheck(void)
{
	int ret = 0;
	struct flashchip *flash;

	/* Safety check. Instead of aborting after the first error, check
	 * if more errors exist.
	 */
	if (ARRAY_SIZE(programmer_table) - 1 != PROGRAMMER_INVALID) {
		msg_gerr("Programmer table miscompilation!\n");
		ret = 1;
	}
	if (spi_programmer_count - 1 != SPI_CONTROLLER_INVALID) {
		msg_gerr("SPI programmer table miscompilation!\n");
		ret = 1;
	}
	for (flash = flashchips; flash && flash->name; flash++)
		if (selfcheck_eraseblocks(flash))
			ret = 1;
	return ret;
}

void check_chip_supported(struct flashchip *flash)
{
	if (TEST_OK_MASK != (flash->tested & TEST_OK_MASK)) {
		msg_cinfo("===\n");
		if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_MASK) {
			msg_cinfo("This flash part has status NOT WORKING for operations:");
			if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_PROBE)
				msg_cinfo(" PROBE");
			if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_READ)
				msg_cinfo(" READ");
			if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_ERASE)
				msg_cinfo(" ERASE");
			if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_WRITE)
				msg_cinfo(" WRITE");
			msg_cinfo("\n");
		}
		if ((!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_PROBE) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_PROBE)) ||
		    (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_READ) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_READ)) ||
		    (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_ERASE) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_ERASE)) ||
		    (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_WRITE) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_WRITE))) {
			msg_cinfo("This flash part has status UNTESTED for operations:");
			if (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_PROBE) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_PROBE))
				msg_cinfo(" PROBE");
			if (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_READ) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_READ))
				msg_cinfo(" READ");
			if (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_ERASE) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_ERASE))
				msg_cinfo(" ERASE");
			if (!(flash->tested & TEST_BAD_WRITE) && !(flash->tested & TEST_OK_WRITE))
				msg_cinfo(" WRITE");
			msg_cinfo("\n");
		}
		/* FIXME: This message is designed towards CLI users. */
		msg_cinfo("The test status of this chip may have been updated "
			    "in the latest development\n"
			  "version of flashrom. If you are running the latest "
			    "development version,\n"
			  "please email a report to flashrom@flashrom.org if "
			    "any of the above operations\n"
			  "work correctly for you with this flash part. Please "
			    "include the flashrom\n"
			  "output with the additional -V option for all "
			    "operations you tested (-V, -Vr,\n"
			  "-Vw, -VE), and mention which mainboard or "
			    "programmer you tested.\n"
			  "Thanks for your help!\n"
			  "===\n");
	}
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	return cli_classic(argc, argv);
}

/* This function signature is horrible. We need to design a better interface,
 * but right now it allows us to split off the CLI code.
 */
int doit(struct flashchip *flash, int force, char *filename, int read_it, int write_it, int erase_it, int verify_it)
{
	uint8_t *buf;
	unsigned long numbytes;
	FILE *image;
	int ret = 0;
	unsigned long size;

	size = flash->total_size * 1024;
	buf = (uint8_t *) calloc(size, sizeof(char));

	if (!programmer_may_write && (write_it || erase_it)) {
		msg_perr("Write/erase is not working yet on your programmer in "
			 "its current configuration.\n");
		/* --force is the wrong approach, but it's the best we can do
		 * until the generic programmer parameter parser is merged.
		 */
		if (!force) {
			msg_perr("Aborting.\n");
			programmer_shutdown();
			return 1;
		} else {
			msg_cerr("Continuing anyway.\n");
		}
	}

	if (erase_it) {
		if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_ERASE) {
			msg_cerr("Erase is not working on this chip. ");
			if (!force) {
				msg_cerr("Aborting.\n");
				programmer_shutdown();
				return 1;
			} else {
				msg_cerr("Continuing anyway.\n");
			}
		}
		if (flash->unlock)
			flash->unlock(flash);

		if (erase_flash(flash)) {
			emergency_help_message();
			programmer_shutdown();
			return 1;
		}
	} else if (read_it) {
		if (flash->unlock)
			flash->unlock(flash);

		if (read_flash_to_file(flash, filename)) {
			programmer_shutdown();
			return 1;
		}
	} else {
		struct stat image_stat;

		if (flash->unlock)
			flash->unlock(flash);

		if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_ERASE) {
			msg_cerr("Erase is not working on this chip "
				"and erase is needed for write. ");
			if (!force) {
				msg_cerr("Aborting.\n");
				programmer_shutdown();
				return 1;
			} else {
				msg_cerr("Continuing anyway.\n");
			}
		}
		if (flash->tested & TEST_BAD_WRITE) {
			msg_cerr("Write is not working on this chip. ");
			if (!force) {
				msg_cerr("Aborting.\n");
				programmer_shutdown();
				return 1;
			} else {
				msg_cerr("Continuing anyway.\n");
			}
		}
		if ((image = fopen(filename, "rb")) == NULL) {
			perror(filename);
			programmer_shutdown();
			exit(1);
		}
		if (fstat(fileno(image), &image_stat) != 0) {
			perror(filename);
			programmer_shutdown();
			exit(1);
		}
		if (image_stat.st_size != flash->total_size * 1024) {
			msg_gerr("Error: Image size doesn't match\n");
			programmer_shutdown();
			exit(1);
		}

		numbytes = fread(buf, 1, size, image);
#if CONFIG_INTERNAL == 1
		show_id(buf, size, force);
#endif
		fclose(image);
		if (numbytes != size) {
			msg_gerr("Error: Failed to read file. Got %ld bytes, wanted %ld!\n", numbytes, size);
			programmer_shutdown();
			return 1;
		}
	}

	// This should be moved into each flash part's code to do it 
	// cleanly. This does the job.
	handle_romentries(buf, flash);

	// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

	if (write_it) {
		msg_cinfo("Writing flash chip... ");
		if (!flash->write) {
			msg_cerr("Error: flashrom has no write function for this flash chip.\n");
			programmer_shutdown();
			return 1;
		}
		ret = flash->write(flash, buf);
		if (ret) {
			msg_cerr("FAILED!\n");
			emergency_help_message();
			programmer_shutdown();
			return 1;
		} else {
			msg_cinfo("COMPLETE.\n");
		}
	}

	if (verify_it) {
		/* Work around chips which need some time to calm down. */
		if (write_it)
			programmer_delay(1000*1000);
		ret = verify_flash(flash, buf);
		/* If we tried to write, and verification now fails, we
		 * might have an emergency situation.
		 */
		if (ret && write_it)
			emergency_help_message();
	}

	programmer_shutdown();

	return ret;
}